Judicial+Branch

Judicial Branch


Justices: Top Row: Associate Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice Samuel Alito, Bottom Row: Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Associate Justice Antonin G. Scalia, and Associate Justice David H. Souter

__** Justices Bios **__
**__John G. Roberts__** was born on January 27, 1955 in Buffalo, New York. He graduated high school at the top of his class. He was also involved in wrestling, and was the captain on the football team. After high school Roberts went to Harvard and paid his way by working at a steel mill during the summers. After graduating Roberts entered Harvard law school. Roberts served as a law clerk to Justice Rehnquist, Special Assistant to U.S Attorney General Smith, and Associate Counsel to President Reagan. Roberts was then appointed to Supreme court Chief Justice by President Bush in 2005.




 * __Samuel Alito__** was born on April 1, 1950 in Trenton, New Jersey. He graduated from Princeton and entered law school at Yale. Alito served as an assistant US Attorney in the appellate division, assistant to the solicitor general in the Justice Department, and was the US Attorney in New Jersey. Samuel Alito was the 100th US Justice to be appointed to the Supreme Court. He was sworn in on January 31, 2006.


 * __Ruth Bader Ginsburg__** was born in Brooklyn, New York on March 15, 1933. She married in 1954 to Martin Ginsburg and had a daughter Jane and a son James. She graduated from Cornell University and then entered Harvard law school. She served as a law clerk to Edmund L. Palmieri, she served as a professor of law at Rutgers University School of Law, and she was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for Washington D.C. President Clinton appointed Ginsburg to the Supreme Court and took her seat on August 10, 1993.

__**Antonin Scalia**__ was born in Trenton, New Jersey on March 11, 1936. He married Maureen McCarthy and has nine children. Their names are Ann Forrest, Eugene, John Francis, Catherine Elizabeth, Mary Clare, Paul David, Matthew, Christopher James, and Margret Jane. He graduated from Georgetown University and The University of Fribourg, Switzerland. He then went to Harvard Law School. He was chairman of the American Bar Association’s Section of Administrative Law. He also served as Chairman of the administrative conference of the United States and was Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel. He was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Reagan and took his seat on September 26, 1986.


 * __John Paul Stevens__** was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 20, 1920. He married Maryan Mulholland and has four children. Their names are John Joseph, Kathryn, Elizabeth Jane, and Susan Roberta. He graduated from the University of Chicago, and then went to Northwestern for Law School. He served in the Navy for three years. Stevens was a law clerk to Justice Wiley Rutledge, he was a member of the Attorney General’s National Committee to Study Antitrust Law, and was Second Vice President of the Chicago Bar Association. He was appointed by President Ford and took his seat on December 19, 1975.


 * __Anthony Kennedy__** was born on July 23, 1936 in Sacramento, California. He married Mary Davis and has three children. He graduated from Stanford and the London School of economics and then he attended Harvard Law School. Kennedy had private law practice in San Francisco and Sacramento. He was then a Professor of Constitutional Law at McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific. Kennedy also served in the California Army National Guard. President Reagan nominated Kennedy and he took his seat on February 18, 1988.


 * __Stephen G. Breyer__** was born in San Francisco, California on august 15, 1938. He married Joanna Hare in 1967, and had three children. Their names were Chloe, Nell, and Michael. He graduated from Stanford University and Magdalen College in Oxford. He then entered Harvard Law School. He served as an Assistant Special Prosecutor of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, he was an Assistant Professor of Law at Harvard, and he served as a judge on the US Court Appeals for the first circuit. He was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Clinton and took his seat on August 3, 1994.


 * __David H. Souter__** was born in Melrose, Massachusetts on September 17, 1939. Souter graduated from Harvard College and Magdalen College in Oxford. He then received a masters from Oxford University. Souter served as an associate at Orr and Reno in Concord, New Hampshire. He then became an Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire. He was then promoted to the Deputy Attorney General and eventually the Attorney General of New Hampshire. He was then appointed to the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. President George H. W. Bush Nominated Souter for the US Supreme Court and he took his seat on October 9, 1990.


 * __Clarence Thomas__** was born near Savannah, Georgia on June 23, 1948. He married Virginia Lamp in the year 1987. He has one child named Jamal Adeen. He graduated from Conception Seminary and also from Holy Cross College. He then attended Yale Law School. In 1974 he was admitted law practice in Missouri and was the Assistant Attorney General for four years. He then served as the Chairman of the US equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas then worked on the US Court of Appeals for Washington D.C. In 1990 President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas for the US Supreme Court and he took his seat on October 23, 1991.

Supreme Court Cases:
 * **[|Case] ** || **[|Docket No.] ** || **[|Argued] ** || **[|Decided] ** || **Majority Author ** || **Vote ** ||
 * [|Clark v. Arizona] || 05-5966 || 04/19/2006 || 06/29/2006 || David H. Souter || 5-4 ||
 * [|Hamdan v. Rumsfeld] || 05-184 || 03/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/29/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|League of Latin American Citizens v. Perry] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-204 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Beard v. Banks] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1739 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/27/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-10566 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/29/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Kansas v. Marsh] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1170 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/07/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-352 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Washington v. Recuenco] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-83 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-18 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/19/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Samuel A. Alito, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Randall v. Sorrell] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1528 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1376 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Lab Corp. v. Metabolite] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-607 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/22/2006 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Dixon v. United States] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-7053 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/25/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Woodford v. Ngo] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-416 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Samuel A. Alito, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-259 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Hammon v. Indiana] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-5705 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/20/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/19/2006 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Samson v. California] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-9728 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/19/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Davis v. Washington] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-5224 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/20/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/19/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Rapanos v. United States] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1034 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/19/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Empire HealthChoice Assurance v. McVeigh] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-200 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/25/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Howard Delivery Service v. Zurich American Insurance Company] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-128 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Hudson v. Michigan] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1360 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/09/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-409 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/24/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Hill v. McDonough] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-8794 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/12/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|House v. Bell] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-8990 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/11/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/12/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corporation] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-433 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/27/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/05/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Zedner v. United States] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-5992 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/05/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Samuel A. Alito, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Mohawk Industries v. Williams] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-465 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/05/2006 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Whitman v. Dept. of Transportation] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1131 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/05/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">06/05/2006 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Garcetti v. Ceballos] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-473 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/12/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/30/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-502 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/24/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-260 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|S.D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1527 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1704 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|eBay v. MercExchange] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-130 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/29/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/15/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Holmes v. South Carolina] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1327 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Samuel A. Alito, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Marshall v. Marshall] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1544 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Ahlborn] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1506 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/27/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Jones v. Flowers] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1477 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Day v. McDonough] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1324 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/27/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Hartman v. Moore] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1495 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/10/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/26/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Northern Insurance Company of New York v. Chatham County, GA] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1618 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04/25/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Georgia v. Randolph] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1067 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/08/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|United States v. Grubbs] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1414 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Merrill Lynch v. Dabit] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1371 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights (FAIR)] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1152 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/06/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/06/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1329 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/29/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03/01/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Texaco Inc. v. Dagher] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-805 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/10/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Scheidler v. National Organization for Women (NOW)] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1244 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/30/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/28/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-944 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/11/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Domino's Pizza v. McDonald] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-593 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/06/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Dolan v. United States Postal Service] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-848 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/07/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-1 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Oregon v. Guzek] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-928 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/07/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/22/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Buckeye Check Cashing v. Cardegna] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1264 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/29/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-1 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Lance v. Dennis] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-555 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 ||   || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Ministry of Defense and Support for the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran v. Elahi] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1095 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 ||   || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao Do Vegetal] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1084 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/01/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Ash v. Tyson Foods] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">05-379 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">02/21/2006 ||   || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Wisconsin Right to Life v. Federal Election Commission (FEC)] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1581 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/23/2006 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Unitherm Food Systems v. Swift Eckrich] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-597 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/02/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/23/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Central VA Comm. College v. Katz] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-885 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/31/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/23/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1144 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/30/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Will v. Hallock] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1332 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/28/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">David H. Souter || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Rice v. Collins] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-52 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/05/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/18/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Wachovia Bank v. Schmidt] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1186 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/28/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Gonzales v. Oregon] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-623 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/05/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/17/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Anthony M. Kennedy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Brown v. Sanders] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-980 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/11/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/11/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|United States v. Georgia] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1203 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/09/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/10/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Antonin Scalia || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Volvo Trucks North America v. Reeder-Simco GMC, Inc.] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-905 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/31/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/10/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Evans v. Chavis] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-721 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/09/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">01/10/2006 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp.] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-1140 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/08/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/07/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John G. Roberts, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Lockhart v. United States] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-881 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/02/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/07/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-631 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/03/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">12/06/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Clarence Thomas || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Lincoln Property Co. v. Roche] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-712 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/11/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/29/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Ruth Bader Ginsburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Schaffer v. Weast] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-698 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/05/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/14/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6-2 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|Maryland v. Blake] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-373 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/01/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/14/2005 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|United States v. Olson] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">04-759 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/12/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/08/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stephen G. Breyer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">[|IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez] || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">03-1238 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10/03/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">11/08/2005 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9-0 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">__Ideological Standpoint of Court__
The Supreme Court during the 109th congress was more conservative. With the appointment of two new Supreme Court justices, Samuel Alito and John G. Roberts who are both conservative, by George W. Bush who is also conservative. The appointment of two conservative justices into the Supreme Court made the vote swing over to the conservative side from the more moderate court before. The more conservative justices on the court in the 109th congress were John G. Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, David Souter, and Clarence Thomas. The more liberal were John Paul Stevens, Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer. Most votes on cases during this time were agreed upon by the conservatives almost 80% of the time. Therefore the court during this time was more conservative.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">__Hamdan vs. Rumsfield__
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Important Supreme Court Cases __**

Overview- “Salim Ahmed Hamdan, Osama bin Laden's former chauffeur, was captured by Afghani forces and imprisoned by the U.S. military in Guantanamo Bay. He filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court to challenge his detention. Before the district court ruled on the petition, he received a hearing from a military tribunal, which designated him an enemy combatant. A few months later, the district court granted Hamdan's habeas petition, ruling that he must first be given a hearing to determine whether he was a prisoner of war under the Geneva Convention before he could be tried by a military commission. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed the decision, however, finding that the Geneva Convention could not be enforced in federal court and that the establishment of military tribunals had been authorized by Congress and was therefore not unconstitutional.” (‘Oyez.org)

This case is important because it questions whether or not the rights granted by the Geneva Conventions must be followed in Federal Courts in habeaus corpus petitions.

The decision was a close call; 5 to 3 in favor of Hamdan. The majority opinion was that because the Geneva Conventions are considered ordinary military law that they are enforceable in the Supreme Court and therefore Hamdan’s receiving of a military tribunal before his Geneva Convention trial to determine his combatant state was unconstitutional.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Gonzales vs. Oregon __

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“In 1994 Oregon enacted the Death with Dignity Act, the first state law authorizing physicians to prescribe lethal doses of controlled substances to terminally ill patients. Attorney General John Ashcroft declared in 2001 that physician-assisted suicide violated the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA). Ashcroft threatened to revoke the medical licenses of physicians who took part in the practice. Oregon sued Ashcroft in federal district court. That court and, later the Ninth Circuit, held Ashcroft’s directive illegal. The courts held that the CSA did not authorize the attorney general to regulate physician-assisted suicide, which was the sort of medical matter historically entrusted to the states.” (Oyez.org)

This case is important because it questions whether the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 gave the Attorney General the power to deem it illegal for physician’s to use these drugs for assisted suicide.

The court decided that the CSA of 1970 was only intended to keep doctors from engaging in illicit drug dealing and was not enacted to define the current state and progression of medicine, therefore, Attorney John Ashcroft did not have the power to deem it illegal.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hill vs. McDonough __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> "Clarence Hill was sentenced to death in Florida, which ordinarily uses a three-drug combination for executions. Hill claimed that this particular form of lethal injection was unnecessarily and gratuitously painful, and that it therefore violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. However, Hill had previously filed for a federal writ of habeas corpus challenging his conviction, and the federal district court ruled that his new challenge was the practical equivalent of a second habeas corpus appeal. Successive habeas corpus appeals are not allowed under 28 U.S.C. 2244, and so the district court rejected Hill's petition. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision." (Oyez.org)

This case is important because it questioned whether or not the prisoner’s challenge to a particular form of execution, not the actual sentence, is the equivalent to a habeaus corpus petition and therefore illegal because of the previous habeaus corpus petitions filed.

The court decided that a prisoner’s challenge to a certain type of death is fundamentally different from a habeaus corpus petition and therefore is allowed. It was a unanimous decision.

__ Importance Federal Court Cases __
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Overview: Frosty Treats sued SCEA on the basis of trademark infringement when an ice cream bearing the Frosty Treats’ clowns likeness on it appeared in the popular SCEA game //Twisted Metal,// and in the final version of the game was actually labeled Frosty Treats. Frosty Treats sued because they did not want there to be confusion among consumers regarding their endorsement of this game that promotes violence.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Frosty Treats Inc. v. Sony Computer Entertainment America (2005) __**

Initial Decision: The first trial resulted in a decision that there was no material holding of the “Frosty Treats” name and the clown was a generic and not protected under trademark laws.

U.S. Court of Appeals Argument and Decision: Frosty Treats Inc. challenged the decision on the basis that the name “Frosty Treats” was not generic and implied a secondary meaning in reference to their company and therefore was protected under the current trademark protection laws.

The Court of Appeals disagreed with this claim stating that the “Frosty Treats” is descriptive at best and does not imply a deeper or secondary meaning.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Overview: This case was handled by the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. The basis of the case was that the name of the Washington Redskins was disparaging Native Americans. The case was originally decided by the United States Trademark and Patent Office.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo (2005) __**

Current State: Due to the extremely controversial topic and the wide-reaching effects that this case will have on sports when decided, it has still not be decided and is currently still under review.

This case is important because there are many professional sports teams that are named after Native American’s or insinuate Native American references.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">** Supreme Court’s Relationship with the President and Congress ** __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">During the 2005-2006 congressional period, the Supreme Court was very conservative. This was due to the appointments that President Bush was able to make during his first term in office. Also, there was still a Republican majority in Congress. Therefore, because all three branches were aligned along party lines, there were not very many conflicts. Due to this united stance, their ideologies were consistent with each other’s.